When tissue temperature drops below 0°Centigrade, frostbite develops. Ice crystals form in the tissue which subsequently distort and destroys the architecture of the cells. Frostbite is mainly seen in the peripheral tissues like fingers, toes, hands and legs. Frostbite develops more quickly when in contact with thermal conductors such as metal or volatile solutions. Other factors which predispose development of frostbite include constrictive clothing or boots, immobility, vaso-constrictive medications etc. Once the lining of blood vessel is damaged, blood circulation to that particular tissue is lost and tissue death takes place. Before cell/tissue death edema of cell/tissue takes place. The process can not be reversed even if thawing of tissue is done rapidly. Sometimes development of mummification and demarcation may take weeks to months.
Signs and symptoms of frostbite:
The initial signs and symptoms of frostbite can be misleading and benign, which may be ignored and hamper in proper management when there is chance of saving the affected tissues. The symptoms of frostbite always start as a sensory deficiency affecting light touch, pain, and temperature perception (loss of all these).The distal extremities are the most common insensate areas (like fingers and toes) and some patients complain of a clumsy or “chunk of wood” feeling in these areas. Frostbite can be classified as superficial (superficial frostbite do not cause loss of tissue but deep frostbite always cause loss of tissue) and deep. Frostbite can also be classified like burns as first degree frostbite (causes only anesthesia and erythema), second degree frostbite (causes appearance of superficial vesiculation surrounded by edema and erythema), third degree frostbite (hemorrhagic vesicles and a serious injury to the microvasculature) and fourth degree frostbite (damage subcuticular, muscular, and osseous tissues).
Tissues with deep frostbite can appear waxy, mottled, yellow, or violaceous-white. Favorable presenting signs of frostbite include some warmth or sensation with normal color.
Hypothermia is drop in the body’s core temperature below 35°C (95°F). The cause of hypothermia is generally accidental exposure to extreme cold (freezing temperature). At body’s core temperature below 35°C many of the physiological mechanisms which conserve heat begins to fail. Hypothermia is called primary, when it is due to the direct exposure of a previously healthy individual to the cold. Hypothermia is called secondary, which is due to complication of a serious systemic disorder and mortality is much higher in secondary hypothermia in compare to primary hypothermia.
The cause of primary hypothermia is mainly accidental exposure whereas the causes of secondary hypothermia are many. The risk factors of secondary hypothermia are also many. The risk factors of secondary hypothermia can any of the following:
Extremes of age: newborn babies and very old people.
Environmental exposure: occupational exposure, sports related exposure, inadequate clothing in cold environment, immersion of extremities to extreme cold liquid etc.
Due to drugs and Toxins (poisonous substances): alcohol, barbiturates, phenothiazines, anesthetics, anti-depressants, neuromuscular blockers etc.
Hormone related: hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, adrenal insufficiency etc.
Insufficient calorie intake: malnutrition, Marasmus and Kwashiorkor (both are due to extreme protein energy malnutrition).
Related to neurological problems: Cerebro-vascular accidents, Parkinson’s disease, injury to spinal cord, disorders of hypothalamus etc.
Multisystem disorders: trauma, sepsis, shock, kidney failure and liver failure etc.
Others: Burns and certain serious dermatologic disorders, immobility or any serious debilitating disease etc.
Individuals whose occupations or hobbies entail extensive exposure to cold weather are at increased risk for hypothermia. Fishermen who fish near arctic and oil rig workers near arctic are at great risk of developing hypothermia. Military history is full of hypothermic tragedies and working in extreme cold may be part of duty for many military personnel. Skiers, and mountain climbers are also at great risk of exposure to extreme cold, whether it is due to injury, changes in weather, or lack of preparedness.
Body detoxor detoxification is essentially the cleansing of our metabolism. Releasing the body from harmful toxins has many advantages. In addition to cleansing the body of harmful toxins and keep you healthy, you also get rid of excess weight that has been stored as fat in the body. Weight loss is a major factor especially if you are overweight or obese.
There are many body detoxification products and formulas available on the market and choosing the right one may be complicated at times. You should stick to renowned and trusted brands or at least research the validity of the ingredients contained in the formulas.
Poor or bad nutrition in addition to a stressful lifestyle have the effect of accumulating minute quantity of toxins in the intestines and over time these toxins become substantial and can harm our body in more than one way. These harmful toxins are fermented by bacteria and these bacteria produce gas during fermentation of small food particles that are accumulated over time.
To get ideal results from a body detoxification products like 7 day detox or 7-DCD, a healthy diet composed of vegetables, fibers, organic foods, whole grains, nuts and seeds is strongly recommended although not mandatory. In general a well balanced diet is always recommended in order to maintain a good health. The intake of water is essential to the elimination process and helps to maximize the benefits of the 7-Day Complete Detox.
The accumulation of harmful toxins occurred over time and cannot disappear overnight therefore we should not expect immediate results although some people have reported results after the first use. As with all other products patience, consistence and persistence are the keys. After all, it is your health that we are talking about!
Follow up of breast cancer patients is a controversial subject. Many authorities advocate the follow up of such patients and some authorities do not advocate follow up. The controversy is due to the fact that, despite follow up the survival of breast cancer patient with relapse is not different from the patients who are not followed up. Unfortunately despite the availability of sophisticated and expensive imaging techniques and a wide range of serum tumor marker tests, survival of breast cancer patient is not influenced by early diagnosis (in case of relapse of breast cancer after primary cancer treatment).
But nonetheless some authorities in breast cancer treatment advocate surveillance and follow up of breast cancer to detect relapse. The following are the surveillance guideline for breast cancer follows up:
Recommended tests or examinations: (a) History for eliciting symptoms and for physical examination by physician (frequency of this visit to doctor should be every 3-6 months for 3 years, every 6-12 months for next 2 years and then once a year). (b) Pelvic examination by the doctor during visit to a doctor for physical examination- frequency annually. (c) Self examination of breast by the patient- frequency monthly. (d) Patient education about symptoms of recurrence- it is an ongoing process. (e) Coordination of care of the patient with breast cancer-this is also an ongoing process.
Some of the tests or examinations are notrecommended but can be done are: (a) Ultrasound examination of the liver. (b) Complete blood count. (c) Serum chemistry and electrolyte studies. (d) Chest X-rays. (e) Bone scans. (f) CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis. (g) Tumor marker CEA and (h) Tumor marker CA 15-3, CA 27-29.
Health is not mainly an issue of doctors, nurses, social service and hospitals. It is an issue of social justice and to get the good social justice there a need to define health.
The World Health Organization definition of “health” is not an operational definition that is it does not lead to direct measurement of health or level of health. In general health can be seen as ‘a condition or quality of the human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the organism in given conditions, genetic or environmental’.
The measuring of health or health status is essential to achieve particular goal. The purpose of measuring health is to determine, there is no obvious evidence of disease and a person is functioning normally (i.e. conforming to the normal limits of variations of the standards of health criteria generally accepted for one’s age, sex, community and geographic region), or the several organs of the particular persons body are functioning normally and adequately and in relation to one another (means a kind of homeostasis or equilibrium). This equilibrium should be relatively stable but may vary as human beings adapt to internal and external environment.
The operational definition of health is required, because of the new goal setting for health standard of individuals, communities, nations and for the whole world. The goals for health are (and should be):
Health is a worldwide social goal to achieve.
Health is the essence of productive life.
Health is integral part of development (for an individual, a nation or a community or group).
Health is the main aspect of quality of life. Without health there is no quality of life.
Health is the individual, states and international community.
Health and its maintenance is a great social investment.
There are many weight loss products available today. Markets are flooded with weight loss products. Choosing the right weight loss product may be frustrating, especially if you are trying to lose weight and have already tried a few of these products. You may be at lost with what to do, which product to buy, which company to choose and many more questions of the kind that come along in the process. Choosing the right product and a good company may indeed be a hard task.
Belissima Sim Diet Pillsare one of the best products available on the market today and are available over the counter for consumers like you who are fed up of excess weight and useless diets. Belissima Sim diet pills system is one of the most effective, although controversial, weight loss pills and is totally ephedra free (it is one of the common ingredients of diet pills and has many side effects). Belissima Sim is composed of highly effective and exotic herbs mainly from Brazil and known to promote weight loss and suppress appetite. These herbs which composed the formula have grown in the Brazilian Amazon under very special conditions in order to maximize their unique qualities such as appetite inhibitor, fat burning and detoxification. Some of these ingredients also act as diuretic which clearly help in suppressing water retention issues.
Belissima Sim Brazilian diet pills system equally works for men and women and is generally free of side effects and because the ingredients contained herein are of high quality and totally natural this product is safe for continuous use or at least until the desired weight goal has been achieved.
“Health” is difficult to define. But we are confident of that we know what is health or the meaning of health. But many experts have defined “health” in different ways.
Definition of HEALTH is given by WHO (world health organization) as “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity”. This is the most widely accepted definition of health and was given by World Health Organization in the year 1948 in its constitution. In recent years there is a simple addition “to be able to lead socially and economically productive life” is added in the old definition.
But many people and experts criticize the definition given by World Health Organization as to broad. Many people think the definition is too idealistic that is very difficult to achieve. Some people argue that health can not be a “state” but it is a process of continuous adjustments to the changing environment of living and also to the changing meaning. The good health is something that allows people to live well, work well and enjoy themselves.
Some people consider the definition of health by World Health Organization as more of theoretical than practical, because nobody can qualify to be healthy (perfect biological, psychological and social functioning of an individual) if this definition is accepted. That means if we accept the definition of health by World Health Organization, we are all sick in one way or other.
There are many more definitions of “health” and some of them are given here. (1) Oxford English dictionary define it as “soundness of body or mind or the condition in which the body functions are duly and efficiently discharged”. (2) Webster defined health as “the condition of being sound in body, mind or sprit, especially freedom from physical disease or pain”. (3) Another definition of health says “a state of relative equilibrium of body form and function which results from its successful dynamic adjustment to forces tending to disturb it”.
But despite all the different definitions and criticisms of World Health Organization definition, the most widely accepted definition of “health” is the one given by World Health Organization. Because it sets out the standard of “positive health” and symbolizes the aspirations of the people and nations and gives a direction towards achieving good health standards for nation.
